What is Noro viral gastroenteritis, what are his symptoms, causes, treatment methods, and identification methods?
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| What is Noro viral gastroenteritis, what are his symptoms, causes, treatment methods, and identification methods? |
What is Norovirus infection and Noro viral gastroenteritis?
- Norovirus, also known as Norwalk-like virus, can cause gastroenteritis. In daily life, many gastroenteritis are caused by bacteria, but molds and viruses can be caused in addition to bacteria. Among them, Norovirus is one of the main causes of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis.
- Norovirus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through droplets, vomit, fecal contact or unclean diet. Norovirus infection may occur, which is often manifested as gastroenteritis. It is a recessive infection in Norovirus infection.
- Norovirus gastroenteritis: symptoms of gastroenteritis appear in the affected person: fever, vomiting, diarrhea, severe dehydration, known as norovirus gastroenteritis. Generally, they often improve themselves without special treatment, but they cannot maintain long-term immunity. When symptoms are obvious, you should see a doctor promptly and take care to avoid transmission to others.
What are the performances of Norovirus infection?
- The general patient is uncomfortable after 12 to 48 hours of infection with Norovirus. The most common ones are diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, nausea and stomach pain. Others can also be characterized by fever, headache and body muscle soreness, which usually lasts. 1 to 2 days.
- Children with vomiting as the main clinical manifestations, can also be combined with diarrhea, adult patients are mainly diarrhea, usually diarrhea 4 to 8 times within 24 hours, the stool is very thin or excretion of water-like feces, no surface Mucus, pus and blood. Most patients recover within 1 to 3 days after onset.
- If frequent vomiting or diarrhea occurs, it can lead to dehydration and cause serious health problems, especially for young children, the elderly and patients with chronic diseases.
Are the symptoms of Norovirus infection and acute gastroenteritis more similar?
The symptoms are more like, but the two diseases are still different. Although acute gastroenteritis patients may have similar symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, etc., acute gastroenteritis usually occurs in summer and autumn, and patients mostly eat foods that are easily contaminated by bacteria before onset. Common dishes include salad, barbecue, hot pot, leftovers, etc. In addition, after the hospital examination, the blood routine of patients with acute gastroenteritis will show an increase in inflammatory cells, and patients with Norovirus infection will not have this condition.
What are the characteristics of Norovirus?
- Strong infection ability. 10 to 100 viral particles can cause infection, which is actually very small, probably only equivalent to a drop of droplets.
- Rapid spread and easy to outbreak. Because it is similar to the flu virus, it is also called "gastrointestinal flu."
- It is easy to mutate. Genes are diverse, and new types of viruses that mutate every few years. The human defense system does not recognize it. The previously generated resistance means will be invalid, so people can infect multiple times in their lives, and each time they must create new weapons to eliminate them. virus.
- Generally, they can heal themselves. After infection, most of them do not use anti-viral treatment, and they can heal themselves by relying on human immune function. In general, symptomatic treatment can be used, such as hydrating, antipyretic, and protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Why are people susceptible to Norovirus infection?
- Norovirus is prone to mutation, and there may be several different types of Norovirus epidemics in the same period and within the same community.
- Vitality and tolerance are strong. After exposure to room temperature, it is still contagious. Ordinary disinfectants can not completely kill the virus, kill the virus, and need to be boiled for at least 15 to 20 minutes.
- The antibodies produced by humans infected with Norovirus have no long-term immunoprotective ability; at the same time, these antibodies have no protective effect against other variants of the new virus, and it is easy to cause repeated infection of Norovirus.
Will a person be infected with Norovirus many times?
Yes, a person can infect Norovirus multiple times in his life. The reason is that there are many types of Noroviruses, and the antibodies produced by Norovirus infection have no long-term immune protection ability, and can not protect other variant Noroviruses.
Can people be infected with Norovirus all year round?
People can be infected with Norovirus all year round, and more often in cold weather, such as autumn and winter.
What is the source of Norovirus infection?
According to current statistics, the source of Norovirus, which is common in life, is seafood. Noroviruses usually inhabit shellfish such as oysters. These contaminated shellfish are not handled well, and people will become infected when they eat.
Other major sources of infection are patients who have been infected with Norovirus (visible symptoms after infection with the virus), those with latent infection (infected with virus but no symptoms) and healthy Norovirus carriers (after infection) 2 Week, feces and vomit can detect the virus, and continue to carry the virus without any symptoms).
How will the Norovirus spread?
- Direct contact transmission: such as taking care of the patient, sharing the meal with the patient, using the same tableware, and touching the used items of the patient without washing hands.
- Air transmission: that is, the infected patient sneezes or talks, saliva or droplets quickly enter the air, and the healthy person inhales the air with norovirus and then infects.
- Digestive tract spread: refers to the feces with viruses, polluted water sources or food, and enters the digestive tract through the mouth to infect the human body. Eat food contaminated with Norovirus or drink Norovirus contaminated beverages. For example, eating oysters caught from contaminated water, or eating fruits that have been contaminated at the source.
What tests do I need to do after Norovirus infection?
- Blood routine examination can help determine whether there is a viral infection;
- Routine examination of stool, microscopic examination of white blood cells in the feces < 15 / field of view, while no red blood cells were found.
- Perform virus detection on the patient's vomit or fecal specimens, or take blood from the patient to detect viral antigens.
- Other related inspections, excluding some common pathogens, parasites, etc., such as parasitic egg examination, protozoan microscopy, intestinal pathogen culture.
Is Norovirus infection and gastrointestinal cold similar?
Digestive tract discomfort after infection with Norovirus is similar to gastrointestinal symptoms caused by gastrointestinal cold, so many patients do not pay attention.
- Gastrointestinal cold is a common name. It is actually a kind of influenza. It is also caused by a virus. It has both uncomfortable symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract and symptoms of colds. These patients usually have gastrointestinal tracts such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. Symptoms, as well as typical symptoms of a cold, such as sore throat, stuffy nose, runny nose, cough, cough, fever and body aches.
- In patients with viral infections, respiratory symptoms such as colds are generally not obvious.
What information does a Norovirus-infected diarrhea patient need to provide when they see a doctor?
The information that needs to be provided to the doctor includes:
- Have you ever touched or eated something special before diarrhea?
- Have you ever been to a crowded place,
- Is there a similar situation in the surrounding crowd?
- The time and number of diarrhea, the color, traits, amount, smell of the stool, and whether there are other uncomfortable symptoms, such as cough, runny nose, fever, headache, etc.
How to determine the severity of norovirus infection in children with diarrhea?
(1) It is usually divided into three types according to the severity of diarrhea: light, medium and heavy.
- Light type: no symptoms of dehydration and poisoning, children's spirit is good, appetite is not obvious.
- Medium: mild to moderate dehydration symptoms or mild symptoms of poisoning.
- Heavy: severe dehydration or obvious signs of poisoning such as irritability, languidness, pale complexion.
(2) Dehydration is mainly judged from the child's front sputum (commonly known as Tianmen, which is the top of the baby's head, a gap composed of bone edges), eye socket, skin elasticity, tears, urine volume, and thirst.
- Mild dehydration: The anterior sputum of the child is slightly collapsed. When crying, the tears are less, the skin is not as smooth and smooth as usual, and the urine volume is slightly less than usual.
- Moderate dehydration: can show poor spirits, crying but tears are rare, eye sockets and frontal sag are obvious, skin and lips are dry, and urine output is significantly reduced.
- Severe dehydration: Children with more loss of water, the above symptoms are more obvious, mental wilting, due to thirst, performance is desperately sucking milk or water, lips and tongue dry coke, more than 6 hours without urination, abdomen or thigh The inner skin is obviously loose. If you don't go to the hospital at this time, you will endanger your life.
In which department should Norovirus infectious diarrhea be treated?
The registration number needs to be linked to the infection department or the intestine clinic. When the symptoms are serious, you should go to the emergency department for medical treatment.
How to treat Norovirus infection?
Norovirus infection usually does not require antiviral treatment, and does not require the use of antibiotics. It can be cured by the body's immune function, and usually recovers in about 3 days. Patients should be supplemented with adequate water to prevent dehydration, and oral rehydration (the name of the drug is called oral rehydration salts) is the most effective treatment.
Do patients with Norovirus-infected diarrhea need to be hospitalized?
When patients with diarrhea are severely dehydrated, they should be treated with infusion, especially in children, the elderly, patients with chronic diseases or other diseases. Such patients with mental dysfunction, thirst, dry skin and lips, reduced urination, should pay attention to, go to the hospital in time, if necessary, hospitalization.
Can Norovirus infection be completely cured?
Can be cured. Norovirus infection usually does not require antiviral treatment, only requires symptomatic treatment, and it can be cured by human immunity, usually recovering in 3 days. When people who do not replenish vomiting and diarrhea lose water in time may have dehydration, they need a hospital visit.
What should patients pay attention to for Norovirus infection?
Older patients, patients with limited water, and patients with chronic diseases may experience frequent vomiting or diarrhea when they are infected with Norovirus. When there are symptoms such as reduced urine output, thirst, dry throat, and dizziness when standing, it is necessary to replenish water and salt in time.
Norovirus infection causes diarrhea. What should patients pay attention to?
- Patients need to pay attention to the start time and frequency of diarrhea, the color, shape, amount, smell of the stool and whether they can relieve themselves. Are there other uncomfortable symptoms, such as sneezing, coughing, nausea and vomiting.
- When the diarrhea is serious, you should go to the hospital in time, such as a lot of diarrhea, dehydration, etc., especially for children and elderly patients.
- At the same time, it is necessary to develop good personal hygiene habits, wash hands before and after meals, clean up the patient's vomit and feces in time, wear masks and gloves when cleaning, and wash hands again afterwards.
- During the patient's illness, it is necessary to isolate the rest, pay attention to rest, and not go to the place where the crowd gathers.
- In addition, you need to pay attention to diet, do not drink alcohol, do not eat fatty food, shellfish seafood, vegetables with coarse fiber, cold fruits and cold drinks, etc., you can eat easily digestible food, such as a small amount of noodles, porridge, Eggs and so on. Also drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration.
How should the Norovirus infectious diarrhea pay attention to diet?
- When diarrhea is severe, fasting is required (that is, you can't eat): Acute diarrhea is characterized by a damp water-like stool. When the frequency is high, you need to temporarily fasten and let the intestines rest completely. Intravenous infusion is required if necessary to avoid dehydration due to excessive water loss.
- Light liquid diet: patients who do not need fasting should eat light, fluid (that is, relatively thin, easy to swallow like water) diet, such as protein water, juice, rice soup, thin noodle soup, etc. It is mainly salty. Be careful not to eat a liquid diet that is easy to produce, such as milk or sucrose. In addition, some patients are not suitable for milk, and often aggravate diarrhea after serving milk.
- Adjust the diet according to the condition: the number of bowel movements is reduced, and the symptoms can be reduced to a low-fat liquid diet, or a low-fat, low-residue, soft and digestible semi-liquid diet, such as rice porridge, glutinous rice flour, rotten noodles, noodles.
- Diet choice: After the diarrhea is basically stopped, it can supply low-fat and low-slag semi-liquid diet or soft food, such as noodles, porridge, steamed bread, soft rice, lean meat and so on. Eat less each time, you can eat more times, so it is easy to digest. It is necessary to appropriately limit the fruits and vegetables containing more crude fiber, etc., and gradually transition to a normal diet after the symptoms are improved.
- Vitamin supplements: Pay attention to the supplement of vitamin B and vitamin C, such as fresh orange juice, juice, tomato juice, and vegetable soup.
- Dietary contraindications: Do not drink alcohol, do not eat fatty meat, hard and vegetables containing coarse fiber, raw cold fruits, snacks and cold drinks.
How to prevent Norovirus infection?
- Maintain good eating habits and environmental hygiene. Do not eat uncooked food (such as seafood, salads), do not eat spoiled, unclean, cold, raw pickled foods, food needs to be boiled for at least 15 to 20 minutes before you can rest assured. Keep the living room and the environment clean and remove pests such as flies and cockroaches.
- Develop good personal hygiene habits, insist on washing hands frequently and cutting nails. Wash your hands with soap and water before eating or handling food. Drink water to drink boiled water, do not drink raw water. Wash hands thoroughly before handling food or before eating, such as after a toilet, and after handling vomit or feces.
- Wear a mask and gloves when cleaning up the patient's vomit and feces, and wash your hands afterwards. The surface of clothes, quilts, floors, etc. contaminated by the patient's vomit and feces should be cleaned and sprayed with a chlorine-containing disinfectant. The utensils used for cleaning and cleaning also need to be immersed and disinfected with a chlorine disinfectant.
- Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea should go to the intestine clinic of each hospital as soon as possible, and do not contact relatives and friends.
- Do not go to crowded public places to reduce the chance of infection.
